Ends and means of democracy

It would make sense for Ethiopia to distinguish between fundamental rights and instrumental rights.  The right to vote, for example, is an instrumental right designed to help us achieve the fundamental right of government by consent.  The right to a free press is an instrumental right designed to help us achieve the open society and freedom of information.

We can also distinguish between democracy as means and democracy as goals.  The most fundamental of the goals of democracy are probably four:  to make the rulers accountable and answerable for their actions and policies; to make the citizens effective participants in choosing those rulers and in regulating their actions; to make the society as open and the economy as transparent as possible; and to make the social order fundamentally just and equitable to the greatest number possible.

Accountable rulers, actively participating citizens, open society and social justice – those are the four fundamental goals of democracy.

How to achieve these goals has elicited different means.  In making the rulers more accountable some democracies (like the United States) have chosen separation of powers as well as checks and balances, while other democracies (like the United Kingdom) have chosen the more concentrated notion of sovereignty of parliament.  These are different means towards making the executive branch more accountable and answerable in its use of power. 

If the goals of democracy are the same while the means for achieving them differ, are there Ethiopian means of achieving the goals of democracy?  That is one of the challenges for makers of the future constitution of Ethiopia – how to keep the democratic goals constant while looking for democratic means more appropriate to Ethiopia.

The iron law of ethnic loyalty

One major characteristic of politics in Ethiopia today is that they are ethnic-prone.  The ethnic proneness of Ethiopian politics can affect not only who is elected but also how jobs are allocated.  It can also perpetuate ethnic nepotism as one branch of corruption.  But one thing as bad as nepotism is the phenomenon of counter-nepotism-the public officer who is so afraid of being mistaken for a tribalist that he is reluctant to recruit even deserving members of his own ethnic group for public service.  And another thing, which is even worse than nepotism and counter-nepotism is the tendency for a public officer to completely neglect his ethnic constituency but only to favour his own pocket.

An ethnic check for the chief executive, which has been suggested elsewhere in Africa, is a regionally-rotating presidency.  Another one would be to require that a president is not electable unless he or she has a minimum of multi-regional support.  It is not enough that a head of state has a majority of the people of his or her side; that majority must also be distributed nationally.  Perhaps the president should demonstrate a strong support in at least three regions out of Ethiopia’s current nine regions

Institutional checks and ethnic balances

Can Ethiopia find new democratic means, which combine a new concept of sovereignty of parliament and an even newer concept of checks and balances?  Is it possible, for instance, to combine ethnic checks and balances with gender checks and balance?

Ethiopia could make the speaker of the house of representative always a woman.  That is one option.  A modified version is to make the position of speaker alternate between a man and a woman.  If the present speaker is a man, the next one has to be a woman regardless of the party in power.  Another scenario is to have two vice presidents – one a man and the other a woman, from two different ethnic groups and both ethnically different from the president.

While the case for ethnic checks and balances is ultimately to avert the destructiveness of ethnic conflict, the case for gender checks and balances is ultimately to promote greater androgynous creativity and development. Better gender relations are necessary because the alternative is waste of talent as well as injustice.

No ethnic checks and balances can endure unless women are also involved in a serious discussion. The next Ethiopian constitution should more systematically define, protect and promote the participation of women in the political destiny of Ethiopia.  We must go to the extent of reserving seats for women.          

Two-party or multi-party system?

A system which encourages different ethnic groups to coalesce into a few political parties remains much more desirable than a system which gives a larger number of ethnic groups the possibility of having political parties of their own.  What this means is that from the point of view of ethnic pluralism a multi-party system is less desirable than a two-party system.  The Anglo-Saxon model of two major parties confronting each other at least enforces coalitions and alignments between groups, which would otherwise have separate political organisations of their own.  A multi-party system would aggravate ethnic affiliations and antagonisms if ethnic groups and parties coincide too neatly.  A multi-party system would help to mitigate and even eliminate tribalism from politics if parties and ethnic groups crisscrossed.

There is one idea, which has never been tried.  Can we have a multiparty parliament combined with a no-party executive president?  Can we have a constitution in which candidates for president belong to no political party and are required to be non-partisan as executive heads of state– while parliament operates on the basis of a multiparty competition?  This would enable the head of state to be truly above the inter-party squabbles and attain a higher level of political objectivity.  The disadvantage of this system is that only very rich individual candidates would be able to launch a presidential campaign without the support of party functionaries all over the country.

Electoral polygamy

There is also the novel concept of electoral polygamy which in principle dis-ethnicises politics and creates strong ethnic checks and balances.  It requires that every member of the house of representative have two constituencies – one primary which may be his or her own ethnic group and the other constituency distant from his or her own roots.

Each candidate would need a plurality of votes in his or her primary constituency, and a particular minimum percentage of votes in the other.  The idea is to help each candidate to enjoy the trust and confidence of the nation as a whole and not merely that of her ethnic group.  Surely, this is perhaps the most challenging approach to pursue in the Ethiopian context.

Conclusion

We started this article by distinguishing democracy as ends from democracy as means.  The same ends of democracy can be realised by different means.  Ethiopia should embrace the four ends (or goals) of democracy – accountable rulers, freely participating citizens, the open society and the pursuit of justice, but should explore what democratic means would work for Ethiopia in pursuing those goals.

Given that political behaviour in Ethiopia today is strongly susceptible to ethnic forces, Ethiopian democratic means should take that paramount factor into account.  No one should be in denial about ethnicity.  The ethnic genie is already out of the bottle.  Since ethnicity will remain with Ethiopia for at least many decades, political de-ethnicisation is not an option.  But ethnic checks and balances of a creative and constructive kind are needed.  We should shed off the superstition that in order to foster national consciousness we must have a unitary state.  Regional loyalties should be compatible with national patriotism provided the whole system is inclusive and accommodates difference without marginalising smaller groups.

* Doctor Seifudein Adem is the intellectual biographer of Ali Mazrui (1933-2014).  He currently teaches at Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.  He can be reached at <[email protected]>.