Angola:

Angola's ethnic conflicts are products of a double colonization. By the 1950s, there were two deeply frustrated, opposed social groups: the weakened Creole elites and the black Africans of the interior, poor and uneducated. The Mbundu living east of Luanda were a partial exception in that they were accustomed to interaction with the Creoles. The Angolan nationalist movement was thus divided from the start. The FNLA of Holden Roberto and MPLA of Agostinho Neto represented two long-separate sets of interests: the Kongo elites of the North vs. the Luanda Creoles and their Mbundu allies. The FNLA considered the MPLA Creole leadership as "non-African" even if several MPLA leaders were black Africans.