Pan-Africanism in foreign policy: The case of South Africa and Jamaica

Jamaica’s contribution to the struggle against apartheid, slavery, colonialism, racism and inequality on the African continent is notable. This history connects both South Africa and Jamaica, as Jamaica became the first State to declare a trade embargo against the apartheid government of South Africa in 1957.[1] The two countries have strong historical and political ties, as Jamaica played an important role in supporting South Africa in the struggle against apartheid.[2] The relationship between the two countries has also been based on a common desire to influence the global agenda in the 21st century, in a manner that reflects the aspirations of developing countries, and the African Diaspora in particular.

South Africa established non-resident diplomatic relations with Jamaica and other CARICOM states on 9 September 1994, from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. As of October 2000 South Africa set up its High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica, and appointed the High Commissioner, at the time TH Chiliza.[3] Presently, South Africa and Jamaica enjoy strong formal bilateral relations, demonstrated by the high-level visits and various agreements signed across a number of sectors since 1994. The key areas of cooperation between include: education and skills development; science and technology; arts and culture; and tourism. However, as trade remains minimal and considerably imbalanced in South Africa’s favour, the cooperation is increasingly becoming more considerate of trade relations. Furthermore, the Jamaica South Africa Friendship Association (JASAFA) was established in 2004 to strengthen people-to-people, educational, business and cultural relationships between Jamaica and South Africa.[4]

The state visit by South African President Zuma in 2012, and the Working Visit by the Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, in late September 2015 [5] to Jamaica has been articulated as the implementation of one of South Africa’s key foreign policy objectives: the consolidation of the African Agenda and strengthening Pan-African solidarity [6]. This working visit by the Minister came on the heels of President Zuma’s state visit, where many agreements were concluded. These agreements were related to issues of trade equality, sports cooperation [7] and science and technology cooperation [8]. Tourism, a crucial component of both Jamaican and South African economies, was also discussed in the bilateral meetings between, resulting in the joint decision to waive visa requirements for all South African and Jamaican passport holders [9] enabling their citizens to stay in the host state for up to 90 days without visas. It is clear that this provision has been aimed at increased people-to-people relations between South Africans and Jamaicans, especially those who are engaging in music, education and sport. This does, however, question the African Agenda in itself, as Jamaica is a Caribbean State, and the visa and migration flexibility afforded to African people or States by the South African government have been under the microscope due to the lack of a Pan-African character.

The September working visit by the minister commenced with an address to the International Women’s Forum (IWF) on September 20 2015 in Kingston. This was followed by bilateral consultations with her counterpart [10], the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, Arnold J. Nicholson; where the ministers signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of political consultations, which would provide a framework for bilateral cooperation.

When considering the well-developed framework and frequent interaction between these states and societies, it could be considered as a significant milestone in the implementation of the objectives of the African Agenda, in pursuit of Pan-African solidarity and resolving the challenges of Africa and the Global African Diaspora.[11] In fact, this relationship has been interpreted to be in pursuit of the African Agenda and Pan-African Solidarity by the South African government.

Most Jamaicans form part of the African Diaspora: thus the application of the South African foreign policy objective of the African Agenda and Pan-African solidarity, in pursuit of better relations with Jamaica and the region, does follow the logic. However, this does create some epistemic intrigue as to how Pan-Africanism is understood and applied in foreign policy decision-making and planning circles, as well as within domestic policy-making circles. This intermestic nature of relations between South Africa and the various global actors instigates a call for more critical analysis of how South African foreign policy and Pan-Africanism are applied with regards to Jamaica, the Caribbean and Africa. [12] Additionally, the identity rapprochement in South African foreign policy studies, societies, psyche and decision-making also has a further impact on this conceptualisation of and application of Pan-Africanism and the African identity.

This demonstrates the on-going dialogue and contestation of the African identity as being time and geography bound to the continent, i.e. people who have been inhabitants of this continent from a certain time period. This debate is also subject to the inclusion and exclusion of ethnicities such as Berber, Tuareg and Arabic ethnic groups. This comes about as a result of geographical and social history, self-acceptance of the African identity and external recognition of their identity as Africans. It also further stimulates the dialogue about their concerns of marginalisation within the African Agenda and in comparison with the African Diaspora. In other words, it is a dialogue that remains time and geographically bound, with the inclusion of differing perspectives of what or who people of African descent are phenotypically, genetically and culturally.

This dialogue does present other challenges as well, as it is argued that the socio-historic and lived experiences of people in the sub-region of sub-Saharan Africa are more painful and burdensome to carry and repair than those of the people from upper-Saharan Africa. A third and perhaps neglected challenge is the fact that there are people across the world who are of African descent or phenotypically defined as black in places such as Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, USA, Russia, France and other regions across the world. They can also claim legitimate attention from the African Agenda and Pan-African solidarity objectives through a focus on the resolution of challenges and the shared socio-historic experiences of Africans and the African Diaspora. This call for legitimate attention is further strengthened by the amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union Article 3 [13] and the Declaration of the Global African Diaspora Summit of May 2012 [14], which recognises the diaspora as the sixth region of Africa and as an important area of interaction for AU member states.

Despite the fluidity and challenges present within the African Agenda and South Africa’s interactions with the African Diaspora, the significance of the South Africa-Jamaica relationship is much more than a bilateral partnership. It is a relationship driven by considerations of domestic economic conditions of the states; the global visibility and diplomatic capital of these states in multilateral forums and groupings such as the G-77, the UNGA and the ACP. Furthermore, it is a relationship that has sought equality both between states and people across the world with a particular focus on resolving the challenges of Africa, the African Diaspora and the Global South, whilst keenly pursuing increased and entrenched social and cultural relations.

* Wayne Jumat is a Research Assistant, Institute for Global Dialogue, associated with the University of South Africa, UNISA.

END NOTES

[1] GCIS. (2012). South African Government Briefs, 11 of 2012. State Visit to Jamaica. Government Communication and Information System. August 03. Available: http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/bua-briefs-11-2012 [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[2] Joyini, M.T. (2014a). South Africa’s freedom and its relationship with Jamaica. September 14. Jamaica Observer. Available: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/South-Africa-s-freedom-and-its-relationship-with-Jamaica_17535021 [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[3] DIRCO. (2015). Jamaica-Bilateral Relations. Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa. Available: http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/jamaica.html [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[4] JASAFA. (2009). JASAFA has big plans for a closer cultural and business collaboration with South Africa. April 05. Yard Flex. Available: http://www.yardflex.com/archives/003904.html [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[5] DIRCO. (2015). Minister Nkoana-Mashabane arrives in Jamaica on a Working Visit. Media Statement. September 19. Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa. Available: http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2015/jama0919.htm [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[6] GCIS. (2012). South African Government Briefs, 11 of 2012. State Visit to Jamaica. August 03. Government Communication and Information System. Available: http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/bua-briefs-11-2012 [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[7] Palmer, S. (2014). Jamaica and South Africa Sign Sport Cooperation Agreement. Jamaica Information Service. July 24. Available: http://jis.gov.jm/jamaica-south-africa-sign-sport-cooperation-agreement/ [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[8] Jamaica Observer. (2014b). Gov’t partners with South Africa on nutraceuticals. November 26. Jamaica Observer. Available: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Gov-t-partners-with-South-Africa-on-nutraceuticals_18013635 [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[9] DIRCO. (2012). South Africa, Jamaica Strengthen Relations. News Flash, Issue 19. August 08. Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa. Available: http://www.dfa.gov.za/dircoenewsletter/newsflash19-08-08-2012.html [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[10] DIRCO. (2015). Minister Nkoana-Mashabane arrives in Jamaica on a Working Visit. Media Statement. September 19. Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa. Available: http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2015/jama0919.htm [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[11] DIRCO. (2015). Strategic Plan, 2015-2020. Department of International Relations and Cooperation, South Africa. Available here. [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[12] Pada, P. (2006). The Intermestic Affairs: A Theoretical Approach. The Academia Chronicle. April 05. Available: http://perrypada.blogspot.co.za/2006/04/intermestic-affairs-theoretical.html [Accessed: 08/10/2015]
[13] AU. (2003). Declaration of the Global African Diaspora Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa, May 25. Diaspora/Assembly/AU//Decl (I). African Union. [Accessed: 08/10/2015