Dams have impoverished tens of thousands of people and triggered serious human rights violations in Sudan. Now Chinese companies have won contracts to build three more hydropower projects in the country. Of particular concerns are plans to dam the Nile near Kajbar, on the lands of ancient Nubia. This project has already caused massive human rights abuses. Affected people are strongly opposed to it, and have raised the spectre of a second Darfur conflict.

The Sudanese government plans to transform the Nile, the only stretch of fertile land north of Khartoum, into a string of five reservoirs. Built by Chinese, German and French companies, the Merowe Dam was completed two years ago. The project doubled Sudan's electricity generation, but displaced more than 50,000 people from the Nile Valley to arid desert locations. Thousands of people who refused to leave their homes were flushed out by the reservoir, and protests were violently suppressed. The UN rapporteur on housing rights expressed ‘deep concern’ about the human rights violations in the project, and asked the dam builders to halt construction in 2007 – to no avail.

Next in line are the Kajbar and Dal dams. The Kajbar dam on the Nile's third cataract would have a height of about 20 metres, create a reservoir of 110 square kilometres and generate 360 megawatts of electricity. The project would displace more than 10,000 people and submerge an estimated 500 archaeological sites. The Dal dam on the second cataract would have a height of 25–45 metres and a capacity of 340–450 megawatts. It would displace 5,000–10,000 people. The hydrologist Seif al-Din Hamad Abdalla has estimated that about 2.5 cubic kilometres of water – 3 per cent of the Nile’s annual flow – would evaporate from the two reservoirs every year.

While the Kajbar and Dal projects are smaller, the stakes are as high, as in the case of the Merowe dam. The projects are located in Nubia, the ancient bridge between Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa. Nubians have developed their own language and civilization over thousands of years, but now risk being annihilated as a nation. In the 1960s, 120,000 Nubian people were displaced from their ancestral lands in Egypt and Sudan for the construction of the Aswan dam. Within Sudan, they were moved to an irrigation scheme 700 kilometres away, which turned into a complete development disaster. ‘By flooding the last of the remaining Nubian lands,’ warns Arif Gamal, who was displaced by the Aswan dam, ‘the Nubians are reduced to a group of people with no sense of memory, no past and no future to look for.’

The people from the Kajbar and Dal areas watched the fate of their neighbours in the Nile Valley, and knew that the government would not make any concessions when dealing with Nubians. They formed a committee to protect their interests, and opposed the dams from the very beginning. In December 2010, they warned: ‘We will never allow any force on the earth to blur our identity and destroy our heritage and nation. Nubians will never play the role of victims, and will never sacrifice for the second time to repeat the tragedy [of the Aswan Dam].’ A spokesperson called the Kajbar Project a ‘humanitarian disaster’ which the affected people would resist by all means, including armed opposition. The Los Angeles Times reported ‘fears of another Darfur’ if the Kajbar dam was built.

Chinese companies have expressed an interest in the Kajbar Project since 1997. When Sudanese and Chinese engineers carried out feasibility studies in 2007, thousands of people staged repeated protest demonstrations. The authorities cracked down harshly. In April 2007, security forces shot and wounded at least five protestors. On 13 June 2007, security officers killed four peaceful protesters in an ambush and wounded more than 15 others. The government arrested some 26 people, including journalists who tried to cover the massacre, and detained them for several weeks. The UN special rapporteur on Sudan deplored the ‘excessive force’ and ‘arbitrary arrests and prosecutions to stifle community protest against the Kajbar dam’ in a report.

For years the government did not disclose whether it would actually move forward with the Kajbar and Dal projects. In April 2010, it awarded a US$838 million contract for the Upper Atbara Project, an irrigation and hydropower complex in Eastern Sudan, to a Chinese consortium. Two months later, China's Gezhouba Corporation got a contract to build the Shereik dam, a 420-megawatt project on the Nile, at a cost of US$711 million. The Shereik dam in particular would create a big reservoir and affect a large number of people.

Abdeen Mustafa Omer, a renewable energy expert at the University of Nottingham, has documented a very large solar energy potential for Sudan, and a big wind energy potential, particularly in the lower Nile valley. These technologies could generate electricity without the destruction and conflict that the Kajbar and other dams would cause. Yet the Sudanese government does not promote them.

While the government remained silent about its plans, Sinohydro, the world's largest hydropower company, announced on 28 October 2010, that it had won a US$705-million contract to build the Kajbar Project over five years. At the end of December, 59 Sinohydro workers left from China for Sudan. At the same time, Sinohydro advertised jobs for work on the Kajbar dam in Pakistan. (In the case of the Bui dam in Ghana, the company hired 60 of its 600 foreign workers in Pakistan, reportedly because they were cheaper than Chinese labour.)

Since 2006, Chinese authorities have made increasing efforts to promote good community relations in overseas projects. The State Council and other government institutions have all called for the establishment of good community relations in Chinese investments. Sinohydro is currently preparing its own social and environmental guideline for overseas projects. Building the Kajbar dam with a government that brutally represses the rights of the host population would fly in the face of such commitments.

In 2007, China (along with the majority of member states) voted in favour of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the UN. This document stipulates that indigenous peoples have the right of consent regarding ‘any project affecting their lands’. The Kajbar dam, which is strongly opposed by the indigenous Nubian population, violates the UN declaration.

Sooner or later, companies which engage in projects that violate human rights will be held to account. PetroChina hoped to raise US$10 billion when it listed at the New York Stock Exchange in 2000, but could raise less than US$3 billion because of the operations of its parent company in Sudan. A German organisation recently filed a criminal complaint against managers of Lahmeyer International, alleging their complicity in the human rights abuses of the Merowe dam. Federal and state laws will prevent the French company Alstom from getting lucrative government contracts in the US because of its active role in the same project.

The Kajbar Project is still at a very early stage. Sinohydro and other companies can still learn the lessons of earlier human rights disasters in Sudan. They should heed the warnings of the affected communities and stay out of the Kajbar dam. International Rivers has been engaged in a dialogue with Sinohydro since 2009, and will strongly support the interests of the people affected by the project.

BROUGHT TO YOU BY PAMBAZUKA NEWS

* Peter Bosshard is International River’s policy director.
* This article was first published by For a press release on the topic, please visit [email protected] or comment online at Pambazuka News.